“Long-term care and support for integration is coordinated provision of health care, social and health counselling, and social services, as well as compensatory aids and benefits, in such a scope that it compensates for the loss of ability to perform essential life activities and other social and work functions. Long-term care and support for integration is provided according to the individual needs of each client, in accordance with their age and degree of functional impairment, either in their natural social environment or in a long-term care facility. Long-term care is provided to a client directly through the provider or through the supply of an aid, or indirectly in the form of monetary contributions and benefits, by which they pay for a social service or aid” (Legislative intent of the Act on Long-Term Care and Support for Integration of Persons with Disabilities, 2005).

Aim of the study

The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the views of three fields of knowledge on the issue of long-term care. In the study we present the results of a qualitative and quantitative content analysis of documents from social work, law, and nursing.

The theoretical aspects of working with and approaching older adults reflect the basic philosophy of the individual fields, which are based on a common holistic understanding of the human being, endowed with a spectrum of human needs that must be satisfied either through one’s own efforts or with help from another person. Social work is a professional activity that on a professional basis ensures care for a client whose relationship with the environment in which they live is disrupted. Social work is mainly carried out in social services and through them. Professional social workers are employed by social entities. Their goal is to implement social objectives, programs, plans, and projects, that is, to provide social objects, clients, and recipients with benefits and services that lead to the satisfaction of specific social needs. Through social work, a large portion of social-political goals is realized. Professional social workers provide information and services to clients in a wide variety of life situations.

Law has a non-substitutable role in the legislative regulation of long-term care, which stems from the Government’s Program Declaration of the Slovak Republic and subsequent government guidelines with the aim of integrating overlapping social and health services and their financing toward the client. By resolution No. 161 of 25 February 2004, the Government of the Slovak Republic approved the Concept of Social and Long-Term Care and instructed the Minister of Health to submit a legislative intent of the Act on Social and Long-Term Care (Legislative intent of the Act on Long-Term Care and Support for Integration of Persons with Disabilities, 2005). The fundamental reason for creating a separate long-term care system is the currently projected demographic changes in Slovakia, especially regarding population aging. According to an Infostat (2002) forecast, the number of inhabitants over 65 will increase each year, especially after 2011. In addition to population aging, a serious reason is the public’s increasing expectations for better service quality (Legislative intent of the Act on Long-Term Care and Support for Integration of Persons with Disabilities, 2005). The integration of social services and health care is not systematically regulated in the legal system of the Slovak Republic. Under current legislation, social services and health care for persons who, under the proposed new legal regulation, should receive long-term care and integration support are regulated separately in different legal acts.

Providers of long-term care are:

  • informal providers, whose activity is carried out on the basis of a written agreement between the provider and client that regulates mutual rights and obligations,
  • formal providers are natural and legal persons, for example municipalities, non-governmental organizations, nursing and care agencies, interpreting services for the deaf and hard of hearing, day centers, integration centers, residential facilities, mixed and combined facilities.

The Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic cannot be an organizer or founder of any long-term care facility. The organizer can be a natural person or legal entity, a higher territorial unit, or a municipality. The field remains open precisely for municipalities.

Nursing provides a specific professional perspective on this issue. “Geriatric nursing is comprehensive nursing care of ill elderly people that takes into account their needs related to diseases in later and advanced age, especially specific geriatric syndromes and complications of disease. It is care focused on meeting the needs of older people and addressing their problems. An older and severely ill person is often unable to articulate their needs, therefore active engagement by nursing staff in meeting the needs of older adults is very important” (Cetlová, 2009, p. 100). In the last ten years, new philosophical views and trends have also emerged in health care, bringing a person-centered, individual approach to the whole individual. The understanding of health depends on society, the level of its development, and its culture. There are several well-known models of understanding health, with which older individuals may, to varying degrees, identify. A specific feature of the profession is also the orientation of nursing toward the community, as noted by Boledovičová and Zrubcová (2009) in their contributions on the place and activities of the nurse and midwife in community care, and by Boledovičová, Krištofová, and Tulinská (2006), which focused on the OMAHA classification system in community nursing, or by the article by Boledovičová, Vörösová, and Krištofová (2007) on the role of the nurse in public health and community development.

To better understand how helping professionals—specifically social workers, lawyers, and nurses—look at the client, we conducted a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of selected documents. In processing the content analysis we worked with words. We based this on sources listed later in the text. We also selected units of analysis. First, we analyzed long-term care for older adults from the perspective of social work. When delimiting the semantic unit of the text—the keywords—we proceeded from the following points:

  • The starting point in working and caring for older adults is their needs.
  • The way needs are met points to rising expectations for higher quality services.
  • Several authors emphasize that even though older people depend on others for help in various activities, it is important to allow the person receiving help to do as much as possible on their own. Excessive care is demotivating.
  • When working with older adults, we must not forget the individuality of the person.
  • Care for older adults is provided through various forms.
  • With population aging, demands for financing long-term care for older adults also increase.

For this reason, we selected the following analysis units:

  • needs
  • quality
  • self-sufficiency
  • individuality
  • care
  • ambulatory
  • institutional
  • home
  • family
  • community
  • institution
  • financing

Analysis of the perspective of social work on long-term care

We prepared the analysis of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of social work based on texts selected from the sources: Krajčík (2000) Geriatria; specifically, we worked with the chapter dealing with organization of care for older adults. We also analyzed the publication Poledníková et al. (2006) Geriatrické a gerontologické ošetrovateľstvo, focusing on the chapter on social care for seniors in Slovakia. Forms of social care and social assistance designed for older adults and long-term care for older adults came from Hrozenská et al. (2008) Sociálna práca so staršími ľuďmi a jej teoreticko-praktické východiská; the last of the social work publications was Draganová (2006) Sociálna starostlivosť, specifically the chapter: Social work in care for severely ill seniors.

Table 1 shows that the total number of analyzed units is 47. Of this number, the concept of care is most represented, accounting for 55,32 % of the total. The second most represented term is institution at 14,89 %. The words needs and “home” are represented equally, at 6,39 % each. The terms institutional, family, community each form 4,25 % of the total. The smallest percentages are individual and financing, each at 2,13 %. The terms quality, self-sufficiency, ambulatory do not appear in the analyzed text.

Analysis of the perspective of law on long-term care

We prepared the analysis of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of law based on texts selected from publications and internet texts. Specifically, Rievajová et al. (2006) Sociálne zabezpečenie was used, where we were interested in the chapter Social insurance and financing of social insurance; next, Klevetová - Dlabalová (2008) Motivační prvky při práci se seniory, where we analyzed the chapter Modern age and the stage of old age; special attention was paid to the analysis of Act No. 448/2008 Z.z. on social services and the amendment of Act No. 455/1991 Zb. on trade and business activity (trade licensing law) as amended. Our focus was on § 12. Another source was the International Action Plan on Ageing (2002), with the key source being the Legislative intent of the Act on Long-Term Care and Support for Integration of Persons with Disabilities (2005); we also analyzed the Annex on financial, economic, environmental impacts, impacts on employment, and business environments and the impact assessment on public finances. Forms of providing long-term care in selected countries were taken from Bohovicová (2006) Vývoj sociálnej práce.

Table 2 shows that the total number of analyzed units is 70. The most represented term is care, with 72,86 % of the total. The most common additional terms are needs and home, each accounting for 5,71 % of the total. The word institutional makes up 4,29 % of the total. The terms quality, ambulatory, and institution are each represented at 2,86 %. The term community constitutes 1,43 %. The expressions self-sufficiency, individual, and family did not appear in the text we analyzed.

Analysis of the perspective of nursing on long-term care

We carried out the analysis of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of nursing based on selected works and internet texts: Poledníková et al. (2006) Geriatrické a gerontologické ošetrovateľstvo; we focused on the chapter Gerontological nursing. In Pavlíková (2006) Modely ošetrovatelství v kostce, we focused on the chapter Categories of philosophical views in nursing. Trachtová (2005) in Potřeby nemocného v ošetrovatelském procesu covered the needs of the patient. We also analyzed Žiaková (2007) Ošetrovateľské konceptuálne modely. From Kalvach et al. (2008) Geriatrické syndromy a geriatrický pacient we selected the chapter Approaches to the geriatric patient and geriatrics. The older publication Bartk(a) (1984) Moderná psychohygiena was interesting to us from the perspective of seniors’ lifestyle. From Hegyi (1994) Tretie Stredoeurópske sympózium o sociálnej gerontológii, in the chapter Care of older adults in transforming countries, we selected and analyzed three contributions: Litomerický – An older person and their family, Palát – Rehabilitation in the community as a model of long-term care in geriatrics, and Čunderlíková – Is the retirement home really a home? We also analyzed material Zdravotná starostlivosť: Dokumenty (2004).

In Table 3 we work with the total number of analyzed units, which is 70. Again, the most represented term is care, accounting for 44,28 % of the total. The second term, forming 10,00 % of the total, is home. The words needs, family, and community form 8,57 % of the total. The terms self-sufficiency and institutional each form 4,29 % of the total. The terms quality, individual, ambulatory, institution each form 2,86 % of the total. The term financing does not appear in the analyzed text.

Comparison of views of selected fields on long-term care

Based on the analyzed texts, we compared the views of selected fields on long-term care for older adults. In the comparison, we relied on the total number of analyzed terms. We divided the overall set into three parts. First, we focused on indicators related to the approach to long-term care.

The terms we selected for analysis were:

  • needs, quality, self-sufficiency, individual, care

The total number of analyzed units is 131 (Table 4). The term needs is most represented in nursing, then in law, and least in social work. The word quality is represented equally in law and nursing; it does not appear in social work. Self-sufficiency appears only in nursing. The term individual is most represented in nursing, then in social work. Law does not include this term. The term care is most represented in law, second in nursing, and finally in social work.

Second, we focused on the individual forms of long-term care. The terms we included here are:

  • ambulatory, institutional, home, family, community, institution

The total number of analyzed units is 54 (Table 5). The term ambulatory is represented equally in law and nursing, and does not appear in social work. The term institutional appears in the same number in law and nursing, least in social work. The term home is most represented in nursing, second in law, and then in social work. The word family is most represented in nursing, then in social work. It does not appear in law. The term community appears most often in nursing, then in social work, and lastly in law. The last term institution appears most often in social work. Law and nursing have equal representation.

Finally, we focused on funding possibilities for long-term care of older adults. For this we defined the term:

  • financing

The total number of analyzed units is 2 (Table 6). The term financing appears equally in social work and law. In nursing, this term does not appear in the text analyzed by us.

In total, we compared 187 analyzed units (Table 7). The most frequent term is care, accounting for 57,75 % of the total. The second most frequent word is home, forming 7,49 % of the total. The third term that appears most often is needs, with 6,95 % of the total. The next term is institution at 5,88 % of the total. The term community forms 4,81 % of the total. The following words in order are family and institutional, at 4,28 % each. Terms quality and ambulatory are represented at 2,14 %. The penultimate terms are self-sufficiency and individual, making up 1,60 % of the total. The least frequent term is financing, at 1,07 % of the total number of analyzed units.

We also carried out qualitative analysis of the observed content. We determined units of analysis and examined through which phrases or expressions these are expressed. Again, the perspective of the three selected fields was our benchmark (Tables 8–10).

Social work starts from understanding the person as a bio-psychological-social being in interaction with the environment in which they live. If this interaction is disrupted, space is created for professional social work. For the interaction of a person with their environment to be understood as functional, it requires an important prerequisite: individual satisfaction with the degree of fulfillment of their own needs. This can be achieved through the person’s own effort or with the help of another person. In older adults with deficits in self-competence, the “other person” plays a significant role. Long-term care intended for older adults with health disadvantages should, in our opinion, stem from the basic philosophy and approach used in working with senior clients, where it is necessary to respect realities arising from the individual’s health status and individual needs while preserving full autonomy and dignity.

Law and legal documents view the issue of long-term care through exhaustive categorization of observed units, their structuring and differentiation against other elements of the system. In our legal literature in recent years, the concept social security has become established primarily as a concept encompassing the relations and means by which society ensures and provides material security for individual citizens when they cannot work for reasons recognized by society, or when they have found themselves in a situation where their employment relation is not enough to cover increased living costs. Social security law is an independent legal branch that forms a set of legal norms regulating social, collective, and individual relationships arising in social security and in the implementation of social policy and social partnership among subjects in the social sphere. In legal social security relationships, their subjects act as holders of rights and duties regulated by norms of social security law (Hrozenská et al., 2008b).

Social security law in legal form realizes social and economic rights of citizens. This legal field has close links with social policy. At present, there is a gradual reduction of the state’s role in the social sphere, an expansion of the system of actors in the social area, and their active involvement in social policy. Legal regulation of social security includes regulation of separate branches of social security (preventive and curative care, sickness insurance, pension insurance, accident insurance, unemployment insurance, state social support, social assistance, and social services) (Hrozenská et al., 2008b).

We analyzed the texts using the same units of analysis as in the quantitative content analysis. We presented them through phrases in which they are expressed. When comparing the views of selected fields on long-term care for older adults, we again divided the compared whole into three parts. First, we focused on indicators related to approach to long-term care. Second, on the individual forms of long-term care. Finally, we examined possibilities for financing long-term care for older adults. We approached this analysis based on previous findings. We relied on the most frequent terms found in each field.

Needs are considered the starting point of work with older adults themselves. For this reason, in comparison we were interested in which needs each field relies on (Table 11). Nursing looks only at basic needs and the satisfaction of needs. This corresponds to practical nursing and the nature of the nurse’s profession, where staff have the closest access to the client and provide help in satisfying needs. Law includes personal needs, household needs, addressing clients’ needs and clients’ needs more broadly. It broadens the scope and meaning of understanding an individual’s needs. In social work we find phrases such as objectively recognized needs, viewing a person from the perspective of their own needs and needs of the severely ill. At this point, it seems as if two mutually complementing views on the phenomenon are linked. Next we were interested in each field’s approach to forms of long-term care for older adults.

For forms of long-term care we looked through word combinations formed from the analysis units care and home (Table 12). Law offers us long-term care, social care, caregiving care, nursing care, and health care. In social work, care is expressed by phrases such as long-term care, formally organized care, institutional care, comprehensive care, specialized care, health care, social care, institutional care, and community care. Nursing offers the widest range of concrete forms of care. It appears in expressions such as home-care agency, ambulatory care, long-term care, home care, nursing care, geriatric care, comprehensive care, quality care, nursing care, palliative care, primary care, social care, specialized care, institutional care.

The word home appears in law through the phrase household of the client; in social work through expressions such as own household, home care; and in nursing through expressions like home environment, home nursing, home care, home modifications. Finally, we focused on comparing the possibility of financing long-term care for older adults from perspectives of social work, law, and nursing.

In nursing, the phrase including the analyzed unit financing does not appear. Social work highlights increased demands on financing, and law offers a possibility of financing directed to the client (Table 13).

Discussion

Our aim was to analyze and compare the views of social work, law, and nursing on long-term care for older adults. To achieve this, we set analysis units and keywords whose frequency we compared across the perspectives of the selected fields. The total number of analysis units was 187; from this, social work had 47 analyzed units, and law and nursing had 70 each. First, we analyzed each field separately. We reached the following findings:

The term needs appears in the analyzed text 13 times in total. It is most represented in nursing, then in law, and finally in social work. We consider needs the starting point of working with people. For this reason it is important to ensure that the needs of older adults who depend on care from another person are met. It is therefore important to provide for all needs, not only basic physiological needs. The second analyzed word is quality. It appears four times in total. It is equally represented in law and nursing and does not appear in social work. Even though quality is a relative term, it is frequently used in today’s society. The quality of services, whether social or health care, should be offered to older adults as well. Society is becoming increasingly demanding regarding the achievement of certain standards.

The next analyzed term was self-sufficiency, represented three times in the text. It is found only in the nursing field. When working with older adults, it is primarily important that we help the older person remain as self-sufficient as possible for as long as possible. In the home environment, we should involve them in everyday activities. It is also important not to forget their mental state. The mental state of an older person reflects their physical condition as well. Involving them in household chores, house-related work, gardening, or helping care for grandchildren, of course according to their abilities, gives them a sense of usefulness and necessity. In cases where an older adult is placed in a social service facility, they should have multiple options for various forms of therapy. Ergotherapy, art therapy, and music therapy, among others, can be used. Work-based therapy preserves and develops skills, motor function, fine motor skills, movement coordination, and attention. At the same time, social isolation is reduced, which has a positive effect on mental well-being. This allows older adults to retain self-sufficiency to the highest possible degree. In addition to ergotherapy, other therapy forms may be used, for example reminiscence therapy, whose aim is also to improve or maintain a person’s health condition.

The fourth term analyzed was individual. It appears three times in total. It is most represented in nursing, then in social work. Law does not include it. When working with older adults it is important not to forget the individuality of each person. Therefore an individual approach is important, one that respects personality traits, behavior, and lived experience.

The final analyzed term was care, which was also the most numerous and appeared 108 times in total. It is most included in law, then in nursing, and finally in social work. We believe every older person should have appropriate care secured that is accessible, of good quality, and above all affordable. The specific form of care for an older person should be assessed individually. We favor the possibility that an older person can remain in their family circle for as long as possible, enabling the family to use all alternatives of care provided in the home setting. In comparing analyzed terms, we found that each field emphasizes the need for care of the older person. Each also emphasizes meeting the needs of older people. In terms of the quality of care and services provided, law and nursing are most engaged. The individual approach is present in social work and nursing. Although social work does not include the term quality, it is represented by the word individual. In law, there is no reference to the term individual. The term quality is present and is dependent on individuality. High-quality care and services can be provided precisely through an individual approach. By contrast, the importance of self-sufficiency for older adults is emphasized only in nursing, where it accounts for 4,29 % of the total.

The second group of terms we compared indicated the individual forms of long-term care for older adults from the perspectives of social work, law, and nursing. From this comparison we reached the following findings: The term ambulatory appears four times in total. It is present in law and nursing. Social work does not include the term. The ambulatory form of care is recommended for older adults when their health condition does not require hospitalization. It is provided without moving the person to another setting.

The word institutional appears eight times in total. It is evenly represented in law and nursing and appears least in social work. The second form of care for older adults is institutional care. It is the ongoing or transitional provision of care in various types of facilities for older adults. The term home appears 14 times in total. It is most represented in nursing, then in law, and last in social work. Home care is closely linked with the older person’s family. It is care provided in the home setting. Among forms of home care we can include, besides care provided by a relative, home nursing care for older adults by professional nurses, such as care provided through a Home Nursing Care Agency.

The term family occurs 8 times in total. It is most often represented in nursing, then in social work. It is not represented in law. The often-used phrase “the family is the foundation of society” is justified in our case. The family should ensure care for the older member as much as possible and in the best way. Caring for an older family member often requires round-the-clock intensive care. In addition to being time-consuming, care is also financially demanding. Older adults are typically affected by multiple diseases simultaneously—they suffer from multimorbidity. This condition requires multiple medications, which must be paid for. Pensions are usually not high enough to cover the needs of the older person and the needs of the person providing their care. Often it is necessary for the family member who cares for the older person to give up their job. The resulting financial decline is noticeable.

The penultimate analyzed term is community. This term appears nine times in total. It is most represented in nursing, then in social work, and least in law. As we already emphasized earlier, in caring for older adults it is important to keep them as self-sufficient as possible for as long as possible. The community in which they live can contribute to this to a large extent. It is therefore important how a community approaches its seniors. Community planning of services for the 50+ generation was also addressed by Pavelová (2008), who understands community planning results through a local social services system that would correspond to identified local needs, respond to local differences, and ensure public funds are also used efficiently for services. Similarly, Měrotská (2008) highlights the importance of community-oriented services, and research findings point to a lack of professional services for seniors in Českých Budějovice, especially missing facilities such as senior residences, caregiving service, and day service centers, among others. The last term analyzed is institution. It is represented 11 times in total. It is most represented in social work. Law and nursing have equal representation. The most commonly used institutional form of long-term care for older adults in our conditions is in facilities in social services. Institutional care has both disadvantages and advantages. Contact with close relatives provides an older person with irreplaceable emotional support. Therefore, it is welcome if the institution supports cooperation with family members.

In comparing analyzed units, we found differences in the forms of long-term care provided to older adults. We found the fewest analyzed units focused on specific care forms in the field of law. In the percentage evaluation of individual terms, these together accounted for 17,15 % of the total analyzed units. Social work accounts for 34,03 % of the total, and nursing for 37,15 %, in relation to forms of care. Another difference we found was between social work and nursing. While in social work the term institution is most represented at 14,89 %, in nursing the top terms are home at 10,00 %, family at 8,57 %, and community also at 8,57 %.

In the third group we included comparison of financing options for long-term care from the perspectives of social work, law, and nursing. On this basis, we reached the following findings:

The term financing appears together only twice, in social work and law. It does not appear in nursing. In relation to population aging and the needs of long-term care for older adults, we can expect an increase in expenditures for long-term care. Informal care, which is used more broadly in Slovakia, i.e., care for older adults within their own family circle or immediate surroundings, is expected not to be sufficient. In our society, there is still no formal method that would prepare young people of working age in advance for the use of long-term care.

Social work and law dealt with financing of long-term care. This term did not appear in nursing. The observed difference, as in the first part of the analyzed whole, is attributed to the fact that nursing views an older person more on the basis of their health profile.

From a qualitative perspective and based on the prior analysis and comparison of long-term care for older adults from the perspectives of social work, law, and nursing, we reached the following findings: We found that each analyzed field is based on the needs of the older person. A smaller difference was only in how these needs were perceived by each field. In comparing, we found differences in specific forms of long-term care provided to older adults. Nursing offers a broader range of care forms for seniors. Even in social work, we had the possibility of more diverse care through word combinations. In contrast, in law the word care is associated with phrases such as long-term, social, health care, caregiving care, and nursing care. Another analyzed word was home. In this case, each field relies on its own household, home care, home environment. From this finding, we can note that we observed differences in specific forms of long-term care between law and the other fields. The intersection between social work and nursing consists of phrases such as long-term care, comprehensive care, health care, social care, and specialized care. We believe it is important to provide older adults with specialized, professional, and comprehensive care—that is, to provide the form of care that their health condition requires. Deimling (In: Hegyi, 2007) reports that in 1993 a study in Germany was carried out with 61,000 participants in which the need for nursing and the need for help due to long-term care were examined. The need for nursing related to people who permanently or several times daily or weekly required help with daily activities. The need for help referred to people who could not shop, clean, or manage their finances independently in the household. The study showed that, according to these definitions, 1.4 % of the entire population had a need for nursing and 2.7 % of the whole population had a need for help. With increasing age, however, the number of people needing nursing also grows. Among people aged 65 and over this is 7.6 %, and among people aged 80 and over up to 16.4 %. Of these, 12.5 % of people over 65 and 22.7 % of those over 80 years old show a need for help. In the third group, we included comparison of financing possibilities for long-term care from the perspectives of social work, law, and nursing. Based on this comparison we found that in social work the analyzed unit financing is expressed through the phrase increasing demands on financing. In law, we encounter the phrase financing aimed at the client. In nursing, the analyzed unit financing does not appear. Long-term care is resource-intensive. Therefore it is important to reconsider the current ways of financing long-term care. For example, law offers through the phrase financing aimed at the client one of the options for solving financing of long-term care.

Conclusion

Hegyi and Krajčík (In: Hegyi, 2007) note that difficulties in implementing long-term care for older adults arose when hospitals came under financial strain. For hospitalization of a patient in a long-term care ward, the hospital received about 21 000 Sk from the health insurance company. This sum covers costs for a patient not suffering from acute-stage illness for approximately three weeks. If the health condition of the patient is such that they are not suitable for discharge, a debt begins to accumulate. The hospital is therefore forced to discharge the patient regardless of the objective need for longer hospitalization. From this it follows that we are not able to provide long-term care in healthcare facilities. In the Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, and Family, long-term care is provided in facilities for social services. In home care it is provided through caregivers. Long-term care provided in social service facilities, especially facilities for seniors, that is, homes for social services, faces a shortage of free places. The situation has not improved over the following years despite the ministry’s efforts to ease pressure on demand for residential care.

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The PDF appendix contains: Table 1 Analysis of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of social work Table 2 Analysis of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of law Table 3 Analysis of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of nursing Table 4 Comparison of indicators of approach to long-term care for older adults from the perspective of selected fields Table 5 Comparison of individual forms of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of selected fields Table 6 Comparison of the possibility of financing long-term care for older adults from the perspective of selected fields Table 7 Comparison of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of selected fields Table 8: Analysis of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of social work Table 9 Analysis of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of law Table 10 Analysis of long-term care for older adults from the perspective of nursing Table 11 Comparison based on indicators of approach to long-term care for older adults Table 12 Comparison of individual forms of long-term care for older adults Table 13 Comparison of possibilities of financing long-term care for older adults